In the 1890’s there was a famine in the region.  It was thought that reindeer could provide a new source of food and clothing.  The government hired herders from Norway and brought them along with animal to Unalakleet and Shaktoolik to teach the Inupiaq Eskimos how to raise, tame, corral, lasso and drive reindeer.  The Norwegians even taught the Eskimos how to make cheese using reindeer milk and make clothing from reindeer skins.  Twenty years later, five hundred thousand reindeer grazed in western Alaska.  A reindeer transportation system was developed.  Reindeer were used to deliver mail and haul freight for the military and equipment for the gold miners.  Domestic herds used mostly for food exist even today.  Handler learned about the Reindeer Project at a Sami Exhibit in the museum at McGrath, Alaska.

From Wikipedia, I found out that residents of Shaktoolik live a subsistence life style.  They depend on fish, crab, moose, beluga whale, caribou, reindeer, seal, rabbit, geese, cranes ducks, ptarmigan, berries greens and roots for their primary food sources.  There are some part time jobs in commercial fishing, education, construction and reindeer herding.  The village has a piped water and sewer system that serves two-thirds of the homes.  People and cargo arrive in the village either by air or water transportation.  The Alex Sookiayak Memorial Airstrip is nearly two miles from the center of the village.  Daily flights arrive from Nome.  Pam’s Taxi service provides a shuttle between the village and the airstrip.  Local travel is by 4-wheeler, motorbike, snowmachine and boat.  Fifty students attend classes at the K-12 Shaktoolik School.  If asked what they like to do for fun, kids will say they love outdoor activities, hunting and fishing and they enjoy having big bonfires with their friends.

Iditarod teams follow the main snowmachine trail from UNK to Shak.  From sea level at UNK, the trail rises 1,000 feet to its highest point in the Blueberry Hills.  The teams will travel through woods, open areas, sloughs and dunes; over exposed ridge tops and along the barren coastline.  Don Bowers tells the mushers in his trail notes to be ready for the Shaktoolik winds.  He says if the wind is blowing from the north it can reach hurricane force.  That combined with below zero temperatures can drive the windchill to the bottom of the charts.

The weather of Shaktoolik is influenced by its location on the Bering Sea, especially during May through October when the sound is ice free.  Average summer temperatures range form 47 to 62 degrees.  Average winter temperatures range between 4 below to 11 above.  The coldest temperature ever recorded in Shaktoolik was 50 degrees BELOW zero.  The warmest temperature was 87 degrees.  Precipitation averages around 14 inches each with 43 inches of snow.

From Shaktoolik, the residents can keep and eye on Besboro Island.  Looking at a map, Besboro is the only island in Norton Sound.  It seems to be a magical landform.  Height, width, color, size and shape change minute to minute, hour to hour and day to day.  One of the explanations for these continuous changes is that cold air is trapped near the ice by warm air aloft.  The light’s rays are bent as they pass between the two layers of air and a mirage occurs.  Tired mushers don’t believe their eyes as Besboro rises, falls and shimmers while they run to the village of Shaktoolik.  If you’d like to do more research on mirages, try this website – http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/elements/supmrge.htm.

Well, there you have it – a snapshot of life in Shaktoolik, a peek at the magic Island of Besboro and a few words of warning about the trail.  Thanks to my friend, Diane Johnson, 2000 Teacher on the Trail and Iditarod Education Director for sharing her pictures of Besboro.  From Shaktoolik, the mushers run across Norton Bay to Koyuk, the northern most Iditarod checkpoint.  Stay tuned for that story and remember in everything do your best every day and always have a plan.

Born to Run,
Sanka